Loud Laws

The following is a break-down of the that show the  from  through to.


 * y loud written as j (in today's writing)
 * :  into
 * u eked before r, l, m, and n (this must have happened before  became dull e, see the word
 * Two next to each other turn into a  s
 * shorten after another or a long
 * Long become overlong when at the end of a word
 * go away at the beginning of a word when they are followed by another
 * E-huening: e becomes a or o when next to h2 or h3,
 * go away at the beginning of a word when they are followed by a.
 * Cleepers followed by lengthen, making the  go away in the doing so.
 * Cowgill's law: h3 becomes g when between a and w.
 * The that are left become
 * followed by w become
 * next to a u, after a un, or before a t.
 * Short which are not high are lost at the end of a word
 * Grimm's Law: all  become, all   , and all  lose their breathiness and become
 * Verner's Law:, s,  after a.
 * goes to the first
 * Gw becomes b
 * : nw becomes nn, ln becomes ll, and zm becomes mm. Whether or not it happens all the time with two or only in these times is beyond me.
 * owo becomes long o
 * Ew becomes ow when and before a  or the end of the word
 * e becomes i when, unless there is an r after it.
 * ji and iji become i and long i,
 * O becomes a
 * M becomes n at the end of a word, and before
 * go away at the end of a word, but they any  before it.
 * Long e becomes a long  a
 * goes away between
 * Any left-over become a
 * t goes away at the end of a word, when following an
 * gw becomes w, although it sometimes stays as g (such as when following n)
 * long (and overlong) a become o
 * Early ing: e becomes i when there is an i or j in the next . Ei also becomes long i.
 * E becomes i before an n which ends a
 * E becomes a before r
 * J goes away between (unless the  before is i)
 * A goes away before h, but it  and lengthens a  before it


 * : A, o, and u, become æ, ø, and y, when there is an i or j in the next
 * U becomes o when there is a Not-High in the next . This law seems to not always happen.
 * Long shorten at the end of a word
 * Overlong become long  at the end of a word
 * : ai becomes long e, and au becomes long o


 * z goes away at the end of a word
 * : z becomes r.
 * : lone other than r  before j, taking away the j by doing so.

to

 * : go away before, lengthening and  a  before.
 * : a becomes æ, unless followed by a or by a back  in the next
 * Æ and a,  a, are lost at the end of a word

to Old English

 * Breaking: eke an u before a h, w, r, or l, when the follows a . This law seems to be more  about the  and  the  at hand as well as the
 * : the height of a stays the same as the first  after this law happens. For a, eu becomes eo, æu becomes æa (written ea), so on and so forth.
 * : æ into a with a back in the next
 * : k, g, ɣ (a of g), and sk become /tʃ, dʒ, ʝ, ʃ/ in some  when next to a front . It wends from  to
 * k, g, ɣ, and sk all before i and j, and also when after i and before anything but a back.
 * k and all ɣ before any front  and any
 * ɣ and sk after any other front  when not followed by a back
 * sk always at the start of a word, even before a back
 * treats ø and y not as front but as back  instead, which makes some think that  happened after
 * : a, o, and u become æ, ø, and y,, when there is an i or j in the next , although a becomes e before a . ea and eo become ie, which may have been as /iy/ and then /y:/
 * : i and u are lost at the end of a word after all but short.
 * Loss of j and ij after a long ''
 * H-loss: h is lost between and between a  and either r or l. The  before is lengthened.
 * : The is not   on what happened to the, however, it says that two  next to each other  into a long.
 * Back : short e, i, and a (although a in Mercian only), are "sometimes" broken into eo, io (/iu/) and ea,
 * : e, eo, and io become i before hs and ht (as in the words right and six)
 * wend in :
 * long o becomes a in word-ending
 * æ and i become e in word-ending
 * u becomes o in word-ending, unless it ends the word itself.
 * a, æ, and e go away in that do not end the word.
 * i and u go away after a long when not in a word-ending
 * i and u become e otherwise when after a short and not in a word-ending
 * ø unrounds to e
 * shorten before 3
 * iu (written io) lowers into eo
 * g hardens into /g/ at the start of a word

Old English to Middle English

 * : lengthen before some  clusters, such as ld, mb, nd, rd, unless followed by a third, since that would not follow the shortening before clusters of three. It also seems to only happen to a, i, and u.
 * Fore-Cluster Shortening: shorten when before clusters of two, unless the cluster is one of the ones that lengthens a  in , or if the cluster is /st/. Since /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ are , they are  as clusters.
 * : ea and eo become æ and ø, . Length is kept from the to the new
 * y unrounds
 * Long æ and long a become long ɛ and long ɔ,
 * Short æ becomes a.
 * ø unrounds
 * /ɣ/ becomes w and j, w around back, and j around front
 * Middle English Breaking: put in w or j before a h after a.
 * : a followed by w or j then followed by a  becomes short if it was long, and makes a new.
 * ei becomes long i
 * ou becomes long u
 * eu becomes iu
 * ai becomes ɛi
 * : lengthen when in an open . This law seems to still happen even if the next 's cleeper is a , as it does in the word "raven" (Old English hræfn).
 * long u seems to shorten when followed by only an m before the next, as it does in the word "thumb"
 * : shorten when followed by two.
 * Leftover  become
 * is lost in word-ending.
 * hr, hl, and hn become r, l, and n, at the beginning of a word.
 * sw becomes s before a back
 * mb becomes m
 * ts (from Norman French c) becomes s.

After Middle English

 * H-loss: the loud now written as gh, /x/, before written as h, is lost.
 * al and ɔl become aul and ɔul,, when followed by a , k, or the end of a word
 * al loses the l before f or v, though it stays in writing
 * al and ɔl become ɑ: and o: before m
 * The Great Shift:
 * ī and ū become əi and əu,
 * ā, ɛ:, ē, ɔ:, and ō become ɛ:, ē, ī, ō, ū,
 * au becomes ɔ:
 * əi and əu become aɪ and aʊ,
 * short ɔ lowers to ɒ
 * ē and ū become ɛ and ʊ sometimes, most of the time when it does happen, it's before a.
 * Meet-Meat : ɛ: and ē shift to ē and ī,
 * a becomes /ɒ/ following w
 * wr is outspoken as r at the beginning of a word
 * become only one.
 * ɛi and ē become eɪ (pane-pain ), and ɔu and ō become oʊ (toe-tow )
 * a become ɑ: before r and sometimes before (as in the word "father"). This may have ended up becoming the trap-bath split.
 * y (from french), ɛu, and iu become ju:
 * ɔi and ui become oɪ
 * foot-strut split: short u becomes ʊ, which further lowers into ʌ unless it has a before it and something other than a  after it.
 * Father-Bother : not all speakers have this wending, but for some (mostly in America), ɒ merges with ɑ.
 * : ɪ (from short i) is as i at the end of a word.